How does oxidative stress lead to cancer?
Cancer initiation and progression have been associated with oxidative stress by enhancing DNA mutations or increasing DNA damage, genome variability, and cell proliferation, and hence antioxidant agents could intervene with carcinogenesis [200].
What does the Akt pathway do?
The Akt signaling pathway or PI3K-Akt signaling pathway is a signal transduction pathway that promotes survival and growth in response to extracellular signals. Key proteins involved are PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) and Akt (protein kinase B).
What is the oxidative stress pathway?
Oxidative stress activates the MAPK signaling pathway. ERK, JNK, and p38 kinase activation in response to oxidative stress through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can have both prosurvival and proapoptotic effects.
How does oxidative stress cause inflammation?
Abstract. Oxidative stress is viewed as an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their elimination by protective mechanisms, which can lead to chronic inflammation.
Why is PTEN an important tumor suppressor?
In addition, PTEN is linked via several mechanisms to the p53 tumor suppressor. Through p53 and additional mechanisms, loss of PTEN leads to genomic instability. Hence, PTEN is important because its loss misregulates multiple Akt-dependent and -independent pathways critical for the development of cancer.
What effect does oxidative stress have on the body?
Oxidative stress has more harmful properties than helpful ones. It can break down cell tissue and cause DNA damage. This damage can also result in inflammation. These factors can lead to lifelong diseases like diabetes or cancer, in some cases.
Which comes first oxidative stress or inflammation?
Inflammatory process induces oxidative stress and reduces cellular antioxidant capacity. Overproduced free radicals react with cell membrane fatty acids and proteins impairing their function permanently.
What causes oxidative stress in cells?
Oxidative stress is a phenomenon caused by an imbalance between production and accumulation of oxygen reactive species (ROS) in cells and tissues and the ability of a biological system to detoxify these reactive products.
What are 10 hallmark cancers?
Table 13.2. 1 Ten Hallmarks of Cancer (Hanahan and Weinberg, 2000; Hanahan 2011)
- Growth signal autonomy.
- Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals.
- Evasion of apoptosis.
- Reproductive potential not limited by telomeres.
- Sustained angiogenesis.
- Tissue invasion and metastasis.
- Deregulated metabolic pathways.
What is the most important cancer Hallmark?
One of the most prominent characteristics of a cancer cell is its ability to proliferate constantly and in the absence of external stimuli. Normal cells carefully manage the production of growth promoting or inhibiting factors to ensure a tight control of cell number, tissue architecture and function.
Is AKT a tumor suppressor?
Activation of the AKT pathway can occur by diverse mechanisms, and many components of this pathway are now known to act as oncoproteins or tumor suppressors.
How does PTEN suppress tumor growth?
A series of publications over the past year now suggest a mechanism by which PTEN loss of function results in tumors. PTEN appears to negatively control the phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathway for regulation of cell growth and survival by dephosphorylating the 3 position of phosphoinositides.